Pennsylvania Asset Exemptions: Subchapter B, Read Whole
Pennsylvania’s exemptions from execution are eight sections long. Subchapter B of Chapter 81 of Title 42 runs from 42 Pa.C.S. 8121 to 8128, and the table of contents printed at the head of 8121 lists every one of them – scope, waiver, a $300 general monetary exemption, particular property, international exhibitions, common carriers, personal earnings, and transfer of a claim. There is no homestead section in that list, and 8124(a) turns out to contain exactly four items, none of them a car or the tools of a trade. What actually stops a Pennsylvania execution is usually not an exemption at all: it is how the deed is written. The question below is the enforcement one – what a judgment reaches outside bankruptcy, and through what process. Everything here is general legal information about Pennsylvania rather than advice on any particular matter, and the research behind it is county-records work done for a reason the law permits.
The Short Version
Three things decide a Pennsylvania judgment file, and only one of them is a dollar figure. First, 42 Pa.C.S. 8123 gives the debtor $300 of anything – money, securities, real property, debts owed to the debtor – and 8121(b) stops that figure from being aggregated with any other statutory sum. Second, 8127(a) makes wages exempt in the employer’s hands except on seven listed kinds of claim, and an ordinary consumer or commercial judgment is not among them, so income is usually not the target. Third, and in practice decisively, a residence held by a married couple as tenants by the entireties is beyond the reach of a creditor of one spouse – a protection that lives in the deed rather than in Subchapter B, and one that fails whenever the deed does not carry both names. That is why a Pennsylvania file is worked at the county recorder of deeds before it is worked anywhere else. This page answers what a judgment creditor can reach outside bankruptcy; what a debtor keeps inside a bankruptcy case, including the federal election, is a different question and sits on our Pennsylvania bankruptcy exemptions page. Our own part in all of this is factual and narrow: recorded instruments, court indices and licensed data, opened for a permissible purpose. Nothing on this page is legal advice.
Watch: Exempt vs. Reachable
What a creditor can actually collect in PA.
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Eight Sections, and None of Them Is a Homestead
You can check this claim yourself in about a minute. That is the point of stating it this way.
“Pennsylvania has no homestead exemption” is repeated everywhere and almost never sourced. It is a negative claim, and a negative claim about a statute is only worth anything if you can see the whole set it is absent from. Subchapter B of Chapter 81 of Title 42 is that set – it is captioned Exemptions From Execution, and the table of contents printed at the head of 42 Pa.C.S. 8121 lists it in full:
8121. Scope of subchapter. 8122. Waiver of exemption. 8123. General monetary exemption. 8124. Exemption of particular property. 8125. Tangible personal property exhibited at international exhibitions. 8126. Common carriers not liable. 8127. Personal earnings exempt from process. 8128. Transfer of claim to avoid policy of Commonwealth.
Eight sections. There is no section headed homestead, residence, dwelling or principal home, and neither 8123 nor 8124 contains a residence exemption of any kind – 8123 sweeps real property into a $300 figure alongside bank notes and securities, and 8124’s list of particular property never reaches a dwelling. So the negative claim survives inspection, and now the reader can see the eight headings the inspection was run over rather than taking anyone’s word for it. It also puts Pennsylvania at the far end of a spectrum from the states where the fight is procedural rather than documentary: as our North Carolina asset exemptions guide for creditors sets out, that state runs its exemptions through a claim the debtor has to file inside twenty days or lose, while here there is no residence exemption to claim at all and the question moves to the deed.
One structural rule in the same section is worth carrying because it disposes of a common misreading. Section 8121(a) makes the Subchapter B exemptions additional to exemptions granted by other statutes. But 8121(b) then says that where Subchapter B and another statute both grant an exemption expressed as a specific sum of money and both apply at once, the sums are not aggregated – the judgment debtor gets the benefit of whichever statute states the largest specific sum. Pennsylvania’s dollar exemptions do not stack.
Wages Are Exempt Unless the Claim Is One of Seven Listed Things
42 Pa.C.S. 8127(a) – and the list is (1), (2), (3), (3.1), (3.2), (4), (5).
The general rule in 42 Pa.C.S. 8127(a) is that the wages, salaries and commissions of individuals, while in the hands of the employer, are exempt from any attachment, execution or other process except upon an action or proceeding of a listed kind. The framing matters. This is not a free-standing prohibition on wage garnishment; it is an exemption that yields to an exclusive list, and the question on any given file is whether the creditor’s action is on that list, not whether Pennsylvania “allows garnishment”.
The lettering is the second thing summaries get wrong. Section 8127(a) is frequently described as running (1) through (8), which no printing of it supports. The enacted paragraphs are (1), (2), (3), (3.1), (3.2), (4) and (5) – seven in all, two of them decimal, because the residential-lease material was inserted between (3) and (4) by a later amendment rather than renumbering what followed. Grouped by who is doing the collecting rather than by number, they come to this: family-court claimants, under Part IV of Title 23 relating to divorce and under an action for support; a short-stay boarding creditor, for board of four weeks or less; a landlord holding a final residential-lease judgment, under (3.1), with (3.2) supplying the procedure rather than a further head of claim; the Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency, under its 1963 enabling act; and the criminal courts, for restitution to victims, costs, fines and bail judgments. Our Pennsylvania collection guide sets each head out paragraph by paragraph, and the arithmetic inside the landlord exception – the ten-per-cent ceiling, the poverty-guideline floor, the four deductions that define net wages – is worked through there rather than repeated here.
An ordinary consumer or commercial judgment – a card balance, a medical account, a deficiency after repossession, a purchased debt – appears nowhere in that grouping, and its absence is the entire rule. Framing it as absence from a closed list rather than as a prohibition on garnishment also keeps two Pennsylvania oddities in view that a flat “no wage garnishment here” erases: a landlord judgment can reach a paycheck, and so can a criminal-court restitution order. Nor does the rule travel with the debtor: 8127 speaks to process against wages in an employer’s hands in this Commonwealth, so a paycheck drawn elsewhere answers to another state’s rules entirely, and for a debtor earning in Illinois those are worked through in our Illinois asset exemptions guide for creditors.
The parts of Section 8127 that nobody quotes
The subsections after (a) allocate the costs and the risks, and they are where the section stops being a slogan. Subsection (b) gives a support attachment first priority and a subsection (a)(5) criminal-restitution order second priority over any other attachment, execution, garnishment or wage assignment; that priority rule was the subject of the section’s most recent amendment, Act 115 of 18 December 2019, P.L.776. Subsection (c)(1) lets an employer administering a residential-lease attachment deduct its extra bookkeeping cost, not exceeding $5 of the money collected, and requires the attached wages to go to the prothonotary within 15 days of the close of the last pay period each month. Subsection (d)(2) penalises a landlord who fails to enter satisfaction within 30 days of being paid, at 1% of the original judgment for each day of delinquency, capped at 50% of the original amount. Subsection (e) bars an employer from taking adverse action against an employee solely because wages have been attached. And subsection (f) removes the residential-lease attachment entirely against an abused person or victim as defined in 23 Pa.C.S. 6102 who holds a protection-from-abuse order, a protective order under 18 Pa.C.S. 4954, or is a victim-witness under 18 Pa.C.S. 4951, where the court determines the physical damages were caused by the family or household member.
The mechanics of attaching a Pennsylvania paycheck, and the administrative routes that sit outside Section 8127 altogether, belong on our Pennsylvania wage garnishment laws reference rather than here. What this page takes from Section 8127 is the consequence for asset work: for the overwhelming majority of judgments, income in the employer’s hands is not the target, so the file turns on titled property, deposits and entity interests instead. Finding those means finding the county first, which is why locating the debtor is the opening move on a Pennsylvania file rather than a step taken after the exemption analysis: a recorder of deeds answers only for its own county, and the deed that decides everything else is in whichever county the debtor actually lived in.
The $300 That Has Not Moved Since 1982
42 Pa.C.S. 8123, its five exceptions, and the deficiency-judgment carve-out inside one of them.
Section 8123(a) exempts property of the judgment debtor “including bank notes, money, securities, real property, judgments or other indebtedness due the judgment debtor” to the value of $300 from attachment or execution on a judgment. The debtor may claim it in kind within the time set by general rules and designate the specific items, unless the designated property cannot be appropriately divided, or may take it in cash out of the sale proceeds. The figure was last set by the act of 20 December 1982, P.L.1409, No.326, and the section contains no indexing or adjustment mechanism, so it is a fixed nominal amount rather than one that drifts.
The exceptions in 8123(b) are five, and they are narrower than they look. Subsection (a) does not apply to a judgment (1) for support; (2) where the debtor is not an individual; (3) obtained for board for four weeks or less; (4) for $100 or less obtained for wages for manual labor; or (5) obtained in foreclosing a mortgage on real property, whether by an action in mortgage foreclosure or an action on the note, bond or other evidence of indebtedness accompanying the mortgage. That fifth exception carries two limits written into its own text: it reaches only the real property secured by the mortgage, and it does not apply to any deficiency judgment. A lender pursuing a shortfall after a foreclosure sale is back inside the general exemption.
Section 8123(c) reduces the $300 for executions issued by the minor judiciary, by the value of any of the debtor’s real or personal property that is generally subject to attachment or execution but which by law is not subject to executions issued by the minor judiciary. Read together with the anti-aggregation rule in 8121(b), the practical picture is that Pennsylvania’s cash exemption is a single small figure that does not compound – which is why the questions that decide a Pennsylvania file are almost never about dollar exemptions at all. When the file turns on which county and whose name is on the deed, you can order a Pennsylvania debtor and property search.
Entireties Property and a Creditor of One Spouse
The protection is in the title, not in Subchapter B – and the case law shows how it is lost.
Pennsylvania’s strongest shield for a residence is not a statutory exemption at all. It is a form of ownership. Where a married couple hold property as tenants by the entireties, neither spouse owns a divisible share that a creditor of that spouse alone can execute against. The Superior Court set the proposition out in a footnote in U.S. Bank National Association as Trustee for the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency v. Watters, 163 A.3d 1019, 2017 Pa. Super. 110, decided 19 April 2017, describing the earlier decisions in Klebach v. Mellon Bank, N.A., 565 A.2d 448, 450 (Pa. Super. 1989) and Frantz v. Frantz, 972 A.2d 525, 527 (Pa. Super. 2008), appeal denied 983 A.2d 728 (Pa. 2009), as decisions “which hold that a creditor of one spouse may not foreclose on property held by a husband and wife as tenants by the entireties.” The same footnote records a second limb of those decisions: once a divorce action is filed, they also preclude execution on entireties property, because the property then becomes the subject of litigation and under the court’s control – in custodia legis – and so exempt from execution.
What makes Watters instructive for asset work is that the entireties argument lost, and it lost on the deed. The husband alone signed the note and mortgage when the property was bought; the wife was not a purchaser and her name was never placed on the deed, because the couple deliberately kept her off the title on account of her credit rating. The Superior Court therefore treated the case as not governed by Klebach and Frantz at all, and affirmed the refusal to strike or open the judgment and to let the wife intervene as a “real owner”. Marriage did not create the tenancy. The recorded instrument did, or in that case did not.
That is the practical lesson, and it is a records lesson rather than a legal one. Whether a Pennsylvania residence is protected from a one-spouse judgment is answered by what the deed in the county recorder’s office actually says, by whether both names appear on it, by when it was recorded relative to the judgment, and by whether any later instrument changed the tenancy. A retitling into joint names shortly before or after a judgment is a fact worth putting in front of counsel, along with its recording date, because it raises questions Subchapter B does not answer. Whether the entireties shield survives a bankruptcy filing, and how it interacts with the federal exemption election, is a separate question handled on the Pennsylvania bankruptcy exemptions page linked above. A retitling of that kind is also one of the signals that a debtor is putting assets beyond reach, and Pennsylvania makes it unusually easy to date, because the recorder stamps the deed and the prothonotary stamps the judgment.
What Actually Stops a Pennsylvania Execution
By asset class, with the provision that governs it.
| Asset | Governing provision | Effect on a one-creditor judgment |
|---|---|---|
| Residence titled in one spouse | Subchapter B contains no residence exemption | Equity is exposed; only the $300 in 8123 applies to it |
| Residence held by the entireties | Ownership form, not statute; Klebach and Frantz as described in Watters | Creditor of one spouse cannot foreclose Read the deed |
| Wages in the employer’s hands | 42 Pa.C.S. 8127(a) | Exempt unless the action is one of the seven listed |
| Cash, bank balances, securities | 42 Pa.C.S. 8123(a) | $300, not aggregated with other statutes under 8121(b) |
| Motor vehicle | 42 Pa.C.S. 8124(a) lists four items and a vehicle is not one | No vehicle exemption in the subsection |
| Tools of a trade | 42 Pa.C.S. 8124(a), same four items | No tools-of-trade exemption in the subsection |
| IRA, Roth, 401(k), 403(b), 529 | 42 Pa.C.S. 8124(b)(1)(ix) | Exempt, subject to three carve-outs in (A) to (C) |
| Life insurance or annuity income | 42 Pa.C.S. 8124(c)(3) | Exempt except any part above $100 per month of income or return |
The four items in 42 Pa.C.S. 8124(a), headed “Goods”, are worth reading in full because the subsection is short enough to quote whole: (1) wearing apparel; (2) Bibles and school books; (3) sewing machines belonging to seamstresses or used and owned by private families, but not sewing machines kept for sale or hire; and (4) uniforms and accoutrements as provided by 51 Pa.C.S. 4103. That is the complete enumeration of the subsection. A car is not there, and neither are the implements, professional books and tools of a trade that appear in the corresponding subsection of many other states’ codes. Stating it as an enumeration rather than as a complaint about what Pennsylvania lacks is deliberate: the reader can count the items.
Retirement Is the Real Shelter
42 Pa.C.S. 8124(b), and the three carve-outs inside subparagraph (ix).
Subsection 8124(b)(1) is the most valuable exemption in Subchapter B for accumulated assets – the counterpart to 8127, which is longer and which protects income rather than holdings. For a debtor with a retirement account, 8124(b)(1) is where the money goes out of reach; for a wage-earning debtor with no such account, 8127(a) is worth more. Subparagraphs (i) through (viii) run through the public and institutional plans: amounts payable under the Public School Employees’ Retirement Code by way of 24 Pa.C.S. 8533, amounts payable under the State Employees’ Retirement Code by way of 71 Pa.C.S. 5953, the retirement allowance under the act of 24 May 1893, the compensation or pension under the acts of 20 May and 28 May 1915, allowances and contributions under the Pennsylvania Municipal Retirement Law, any private-employer pension or annuity granted under a plan or contract providing that it shall not be assignable, and any self-employed person’s retirement or annuity fund to the extent of payments made while solvent and not exceeding what was actually excluded or deducted as retirement funding for federal income tax purposes.
Subparagraph (ix) is the one that covers ordinary private savings. It exempts any retirement or annuity fund provided for under section 401(a), 403(a) and (b), 408, 408A, 409 or 530 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, together with the appreciation on it, the income from it, the benefits or annuity payable under it, and transfers and rollovers between such funds. In practice that reaches a pension trust, a 403(b), a traditional IRA, a Roth, and a Coverdell education savings account.
Three carve-outs sit at the end of the subparagraph and they are where a creditor’s attention belongs, because each of them is a dated, documentary question rather than an argument. Subparagraph (ix) does not apply to (A) amounts contributed by the debtor to the fund within one year before the debtor filed for bankruptcy, excluding amounts rolled over directly from other funds already exempt; (B) amounts contributed in excess of $15,000 within a one-year period, again excluding direct rollovers; or (C) amounts deemed to be fraudulent conveyances. A single oversized contribution can therefore strip the exemption from the excess without touching the rest of the account. Subparagraph (ix) took its present form in the act of 20 December 2000, P.L.742, No.105, and paragraph (2) subjects the public-plan exemptions in (i) through (vi) to any inconsistent provision of the Public Employee Pension Forfeiture Act.
Section 8124(c) then adds the insurance limbs, of which (c)(3) is the one with a number in it: any policy or contract of insurance or annuity issued to a solvent insured who is the beneficiary of it is exempt, except any part exceeding an income or return of $100 per month. Workers’ compensation payments, group insurance and its proceeds, accident and disability insurance, and policies made for the benefit of or assigned to a spouse, child or dependent relative all appear in the same subsection – though the last of those does not apply where the judgment debtor is that spouse, child or relative.
One clock question stays off this page deliberately. How long a Pennsylvania claim remains enforceable, and what restarts it, is governed by Chapter 55 of Title 42 rather than by Subchapter B, and it is set out on our Pennsylvania debt collection statute of limitations page.
How a Pennsylvania File Is Actually Worked
Four steps, and the first two are recorder-of-deeds work.
Pull the deed, not the address
Names on the instrument, the tenancy recited, and the recording date.
Trace the chain forward
Later conveyances, mortgages and any change in how the title is held.
Inventory outside Subchapter B
Entity interests, other counties, titled property and recorded judgments.
Date every finding
Sourced, dated, with honest notes on what the record does not show.
Pennsylvania rewards that order of work because the questions that decide a file are recorded ones. Whether the residence is entireties property is on the deed. Whether the equity is real is in the mortgage and judgment indices. Whether an exemption claim under 8124(b)(1)(ix) survives its carve-outs turns on contribution dates and amounts. None of those are legal conclusions and none are offered here – the exemption call, the objection and the strategy belong to Pennsylvania counsel, and this page is general legal information rather than advice. The output is a factual layer underneath that: debtor found, instruments read, inventory documented. It runs on the same method as any asset search for judgment collection and draws on the broader skip tracing services we provide to creditors and their counsel.
Six Pennsylvania Situations Where the Deed Decides It
Each of these is settled by an instrument, not by an argument.
Both names on the deed?
Or only one, as in Watters.
Retitled, and when?
The recording date sits beside the judgment date.
Is the wage claim on the list?
Seven paragraphs, and consumer debt is not among them.
A deficiency after foreclosure?
8123(b)(5) expressly does not reach it.
A large recent contribution?
8124(b)(1)(ix)(B) turns on $15,000 in a year.
Property in another county?
Sixty-seven separate recording offices.
Who Sends Us Pennsylvania Judgments
Usually after a wage attachment has already been ruled out.
Creditors Weighing a Sheriff Sale
Weighing a sheriff’s sale against the equity
Execution Counsel
Testing an entireties defence against the deed
Agencies Working 67 Counties
Triaging accounts across 67 counties
Servicers Chasing a Deficiency
Pursuing a deficiency outside 8123(b)(5)
Residential-Lease Judgment Holders
Holding a residential-lease judgment under (3.1)
Creditors Transferring a Judgment In
Transferring a judgment into a Pennsylvania county
The common thread is a file where the statutory exemptions are small and the ownership question is large, so the research has to reach the instrument rather than stop at a name. A creditor working a Washington file instead is reading an entirely different scheme, with its own homestead figure and its own community-property rules, and our page on Washington asset exemptions against creditors covers that state on its own terms. Send the debtor’s name, the county you believe they are in, and the lawful basis for the enquiry; most files get a first read back within 24 hours.
Where a Pennsylvania File Stops
Every source we touch is one a Pennsylvania county already publishes or a licensed provider already holds: recorder-of-deeds books, prothonotary and judgment indices, corporate and fictitious-name filings, tax assessment rolls. Access to any of it is opened for a permissible purpose recorded on the matter. This is a public-records research firm, and a matter needing surveillance or other field investigative work is declined plainly. The product is not a consumer report and this is not a consumer reporting agency, which puts credit, insurance, tenancy and hiring decisions outside what it may be used for. Section 8127(f) draws the Commonwealth’s own line around abuse victims; the same line applies here, so a file goes back unopened where the record indicates the person left because of abuse or holds a protection-from-abuse or protective order, and any request aimed at reaching a person rather than identifying an asset is refused on sight. Twenty-two years of this since 2004, all of it general legal information rather than advice.
Pennsylvania Exemption Questions
Does Pennsylvania have a homestead exemption?
No, and the way to check it is structural. Subchapter B of Chapter 81 of Title 42, captioned Exemptions From Execution, contains eight sections: 8121 scope, 8122 waiver, 8123 general monetary exemption, 8124 exemption of particular property, 8125 tangible personal property exhibited at international exhibitions, 8126 common carriers not liable, 8127 personal earnings exempt from process, and 8128 transfer of claim to avoid policy of the Commonwealth. None of them is a homestead section, and neither 8123 nor 8124 contains a residence exemption. Real property appears in 8123 only inside the $300 general monetary exemption.
Can a creditor garnish wages in Pennsylvania?
Only on a claim that appears in an exclusive list. 42 Pa.C.S. 8127(a) makes wages, salaries and commissions exempt while in the hands of the employer except upon an action or proceeding under paragraphs (1) divorce, (2) support, (3) board for four weeks or less, (3.1) a final residential-lease judgment in favour of a judgment creditor-landlord, (3.2) the implementation rules for that lease attachment, (4) the Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency Act, or (5) restitution to crime victims, costs, fines or bail judgments from a criminal proceeding. An ordinary consumer or commercial judgment is absent from that list, which is the reason it cannot reach a paycheck.
How much is Pennsylvania’s general exemption, and does it stack?
42 Pa.C.S. 8123(a) exempts property of the judgment debtor, including bank notes, money, securities, real property, judgments and other indebtedness due the debtor, to the value of $300. The figure was last set by the act of 20 December 1982, P.L.1409, No.326 and the section carries no adjustment mechanism. It does not stack: 8121(b) provides that where Subchapter B and another statute both grant an exemption in terms of a specific sum of money, the sums are not aggregated and the debtor takes the benefit of whichever statute states the largest specific sum.
Is property held by the entireties safe from a judgment against one spouse?
That is the proposition Pennsylvania case law states. In U.S. Bank National Association as Trustee for the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency v. Watters, 163 A.3d 1019, 2017 Pa. Super. 110, decided 19 April 2017, the Superior Court described Klebach v. Mellon Bank, N.A., 565 A.2d 448 (Pa. Super. 1989) and Frantz v. Frantz, 972 A.2d 525 (Pa. Super. 2008), appeal denied 983 A.2d 728 (Pa. 2009), as holding that a creditor of one spouse may not foreclose on property held by a husband and wife as tenants by the entireties, and noted that those decisions also preclude execution once a divorce action has been filed. Whether the shield exists on a given property is a question about the deed, and in Watters itself it failed because the wife’s name had deliberately been kept off the title.
Does 42 Pa.C.S. 8124(a) exempt a car or tools of a trade?
No. Subsection 8124(a), headed Goods, contains four items in total: wearing apparel; Bibles and school books; sewing machines belonging to seamstresses or used and owned by private families, excluding machines kept for sale or hire; and uniforms and accoutrements as provided by 51 Pa.C.S. 4103. That is the whole enumeration of the subsection, so neither a motor vehicle nor the implements, professional books and tools of a trade appear in it.
Are retirement accounts protected from Pennsylvania judgment creditors?
Generally yes, under 42 Pa.C.S. 8124(b)(1)(ix), which exempts any retirement or annuity fund provided for under Internal Revenue Code sections 401(a), 403(a) and (b), 408, 408A, 409 or 530, together with appreciation, income, benefits and transfers and rollovers between such funds. Three carve-outs limit it: amounts contributed within one year before the debtor filed for bankruptcy, amounts contributed in excess of $15,000 within a one-year period, and amounts deemed to be fraudulent conveyances. Direct rollovers from other exempt funds are excluded from the first two.
Can a landlord in Pennsylvania attach a tenant’s wages?
On a final judgment arising out of a residential lease, yes, under 42 Pa.C.S. 8127(a)(3.1), and the limits are specific. The sum attached is no more than 10% of the tenant’s net wages per pay period, or a sum that would not put net income below the federal poverty income guidelines, whichever is less, with net wages defined as wages less only income taxes, F.I.C.A. and nonvoluntary retirement payments, union dues and health insurance premiums. Any forfeited security deposit must be deducted unless already applied to rent. Subsection (f) removes the remedy entirely against an abuse victim holding a protection-from-abuse or protective order where the court finds the damages were caused by the family or household member.
Do you decide whether an exemption or an entireties defence holds?
No. Whether Subchapter B protects a given asset, whether an entireties argument succeeds and how to execute are questions for Pennsylvania counsel, and nothing here is legal advice. The work here is factual only: finding the debtor, pulling the deed and the chain of title from the county recorder, reading the mortgages and judgments recorded against it, and documenting entity and property interests with a source and a date on each.
Start With the Deed, Not the Address
Send the name, the county and the lawful basis for the enquiry. Back comes the recorded instruments – who is named on the deed, what tenancy it recites, when it was recorded, what mortgages and judgments sit against it – plus property and entity interests in the other counties, each finding sourced and dated. Typically a first read within 24 hours. Contact us to open a Pennsylvania file.
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